We all know languages are not static and uniform things, and many of us are in the habit of using etymology to track the migration and semantic drift of a word for translation, philosophy, or pure curiosity.
The majority of words have a fairly stable set of semantic associations with its equivalents in other languages. A prime example would be the word for 'mother' in the Indo-European languages, which remains phonetically, semantically, metaphorically, and culturally recognisable in practically every instance. 'mater', 'madre', 'mère', 'mutter', and 'мать' are remarkably similar, phonetically and semantically, considering several thousand years of history lies between them.
One branch of semantics that does not follow this rule is that of insanity. One reason offered for the diversity of ways in which people name insanity is a meta-psychological one; madness is strange, fringe, intangible, mysterious, and generally of low intelligibility. Low intelligibility phenomena touch our horizon, where the senses fail and imagination reigns. Empirical experience, those which can be investigated in a practical manner, is blurred in such abstract categories and is, in fact, forced to invent a category. In such a situation, there are as many versions of the truth as there are opinions, and the variance of words for this dynamic is an artefact of the confusion surrounding the nature of the thing named.
To illustrate this I provide a list of madness-equivalent words in languages from around the world—extracted from an LLM, naturally; the only type of thing a language model is good for—along with a literal English translation and the loose semantic image (meaning the way it is said and understood). There is an essay somewhere in my reaction to the list which I, unfortunately, do not have the time to write at the moment. In the meantime, let it be a vehicle for your linguistic curiosity, and if nothing else, ask yourself "what must the category of madness actually point to, if it can be conceived of in such diverse ways?" I am aware that flattening it to 'mental illness' seems appealing, but these words have been used since long before medicine even existed in most cases, and what's more, they are sometimes used to describe people who are not mentally ill.
I'm tired of saying it myself, but the overlap between medically recognised madness and cultural, or any other type of madness is limited; another reason I find it very interesting.